Phi-TEC II | Bench-top, low phi-factor, adiabatic calorimeter
The Phi-TEC II is an adiabatic calorimeter, which supports the use of low Phi-factor test cells. This allows for manufacturing plant conditions to be fully replicated on a lab-scale thus allowing thermal runaway risks to be simulated and assessed. Utilizing low-Phi factor cells means that the runaway rate is not tempered by the test equipment, and subsequently, the measured rate of pressure increase and final temperature (Tend) – along with the calculated Time to Maximum Rate (TMRd) and adiabatic temperature rise (∆Tad,d) – are representative of what would be expected to occur during a production-scale incident
The impact of different operating scenarios can be explored using the Phi-TEC II, and the data generated can be utilized to determine appropriate safety controls for the manufacturing plant, such as:
- Emergency and evaporation cooling
- Quenching
- Controlled depressurization
- Vent sizing (in accordance with DIERS methodology)
Thus, the Phi-TEC II enables hazards to be fully evaluated, enabling their mitigation prior to scale-up.
High Phi-Factor Test Cell Catalog
Process Safety and Scale Up Specifications
Applications
Hazard and Operability Assessment
Plant-scale parameters from the laboratory
The Phi-TEC II is a more advanced type of adiabatic calorimeter, which supports the use of low Phi factor test cells. This capability means that very little of the heat produced during a reaction or thermal runaway is consumed in warming the test cell. As a result, the runaway rate is not tempered.
The measured rate of pressure increase and final temperature (Tend), along with the calculated Time to Maximum Rate (TMR) and adiabatic temperature rise (ΔTad), are representative of what would be expected to occur during a manufacturing scale incident. Thus, the Phi-TEC II enables the hazards to be fully evaluated and explored, facilitating their mitigation prior to scale-up.
Safety by design
The data generated by the Phi-TEC II can be used to directly compare the impact of different operating scenarios. From this, the necessary safety controls for the manufacturing plant can be selected. Examples of these are:
- Emergency and evaporation cooling
- Quenching
- Controlled depressurization
- Vent sizing (in accordance with DIERS methodology)
Publications
The following are a list of some technical publications which highlight the use of the equipment.
Effects of typical additives on the thermal stability of ammonium peroxydisulfate
Mingju Jing, Yingnan Zhang, Jianpeng Wang, Juncheng Jiang Chi-Min Shu and Bin Zhang
06-Jan-2023
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950423023000049(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Thermal stability evaluation of tert-butyl peroxybenzoate mixed with impurities
Yilin Zhao, Nengcheng Zhou, Min Hua, Xiuxia Guo, Wenxing Zhang, Huichun Jiang, Xuhai Pan & Juncheng Jiang
02-Nov-2022
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00986445.2022.2126769(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Analysis of thermal hazards of tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate by calorimetric technique
Juan Zhou Chen-Ye Wei Min Hua, Xu-Hai Pan, Xin-Miao Liang, An-Dong Yu, Cyril G. Suetor and Jun-Cheng Jiang
06-Mar-2021
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-021-10619-3(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Analysis of thermal hazards of tertbutylperoxy2ethylhexyl carbonate by calorimetric technique
Juan Zhou, Chen-Ye Wei, Min Hua, Xu-Hai Pan, Xin-Miao Liang, An-Dong Yu, Cyril G. Suetor & Jun-Cheng Jiang
06-Mar-2021
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10619-3(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Zero-Order Versus Intrinsic Kinetics for the Determination of the Time to Maximum Rate under Adiabatic Conditions (TMRad): Application to the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
Lamiae Vernières-Hassimi, Amine Dakkoune, Lokmane Abdelouahed, Lionel Estel, and Sébastien Leveneur
24-Jun-2017
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01291(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Experimental sensitivity analysis of the runaway severity of Dicumyl peroxide decomposition using adiabatic calorimetry
Olga J. Reyes Valdesa, Valeria Casson Moreno, Simon P. Waldram, Luc N. Véchot, M. Sam Mannan
10-Oct-2015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2015.07.016(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Calorimetric studies on the thermal stability of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) formulations
Stephen R.Graham, Robert Hodgson, Luc Vechota, M.Iqbal Essa
01-Nov-2011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2011.08.005(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Simple Procedure for Optimally Scaling-up Fine Chemical Processes. I. Practical Tools
Francesco Maestri, Sabrina Copelli, Renato Rota*, Lucia Gigante, Angelo Lunghi, and Paolo Cardillo
12-Jan-2009
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie800465d(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Safe and Productive Operation of Homogeneous Semibatch Reactors. II. The Nitration of N-(2-Phenoxyphenyl) Methane Sulfonamide
Francesco Maestri, Leonardo Re Dionigi, Renato Rota, Lucia Gigante, Angelo Lunghi, and Paolo Cardillo
31-Oct-2006
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie060262v(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Different scale experimental techniques to approach the problem of substances generated in the loss of control of chemical systems: a study on ethyl diazoacetate decomposition
Katia Marsanich, Federica Barontini, Valerio Cozzani, Alain Creemers, Ronald Kerstend
01-Jan-2004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2003.08.012(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Calorimetric Approach and Simulation for Scale-Up of a Friedel−Crafts Reaction
Lucia Gigante, Angelo Lunghi, Simone Martinelli, Paolo Cardillo, Luca Picello, Roberto Bortolaso, Marco Galvagni, and Renato Rota
06-Nov-2003
https://doi.org/10.1021/op030043a(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Thermal Stability: A Review of Methods and Interpretation of Data
Stephen M. Rowe
12-Oct-2002
https://doi.org/10.1021/op025569u(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
The Use of Adiabatic Calorimetry for the Process Analysis and Safety Evaluation in Free Radical Polymerization
G. Maschio, J. A. Feliu, J. Ligthart, I. Ferrara & C. Bassani
01-Oct-1999
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010137217005(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Some Reaction Safety Aspects of Ruthenium-Catalyzed Allylic Oxidations of Δ-5-Steroids in the Pilot Plant
Michael Harre, Reinhard Haufe, Klaus Nickisch, Peter Weinig, Hilmar Weinmann, William A. Kinney, and Xuehai Zhang
24-Feb-1998
https://doi.org/10.1021/op9700587(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Downloads
The following are a list of available downloads.
High Phi-Factor Test Cell Catalog
Process Safety and Scale Up Specifications