Phi-TEC I | Bench-top, high phi-factor, adiabatic calorimeter
The Phi-TEC I is an adiabatic calorimeter that enables the characterization of thermal runaway hazards during process development and scale-up. The Phi-TEC I replicates industrial (large volume) conditions on a lab-scale, enabling thermal runaway hazards to be characterized safely and efficiently.
Via direct sample temperature measurement and by rapidly responding to any thermal changes, the Phi-TEC I accurately tracks exothermic events and maintains adiabatic conditions. This adiabatic screening enables thermal events to be defined with the accurate characterization of the onset temperature (Td) and facilitates the calculation of other key parameters, such as the rate of pressure change, the adiabatic temperature rise (∆Tad,d), and the time to maximum rate (TMRd).
High Phi-Factor Test Cell Catalog
Process Safety and Scale Up Specifications
Applications
Rapid reactions
If there is a need to characterize especially rapid decompositions, the Phi-TEC I offers a high data-rate acquisition option, which provides higher resolution data on the rate of pressure and temperature changes. When scaling up a process, accurate knowledge of an exothermic event is vital to ensure the magnitude of the thermal runaway risk is fully understood.
Adiabatic calorimetry
Large scale reactors lose very little of the heat generated in a reaction to the surroundings. This poses a potential hazard when operating at large scale, as that heat will be retained within the reactor. At best this will require plant cooling and at worst may trigger a thermal runaway.
The Phi-TEC I mimics the processes at large scale, while operating at laboratory volumes.
Characterizing the thermal runaway (4)
Providing a direct measurement of the sample temperature, coupled with a rapid response to thermal changes, the Phi-TEC I accurately tracks exothermic events and maintains adiabatic conditions.
Adiabatic screening of a process enables accurate characterization of the onset temperature (Td) and facilitates calculation of the time to maximum rate (TMRd), the adiabatic temperature rise (ΔTad,d) and the rate of pressure change. These key parameters can help describe the magnitude of the thermal runaway hazard.
Publications
The following are a list of some technical publications which highlight the use of the equipment.
Effects of metal ions on thermal hazard of tert-butyl peroxy-3, 5, 5-trimethylhexanoate
Xiang-Hui Shi, Yong Pana, Xin Zhang, Yan-Jun Wang, Li Xia, Jun-Cheng Jiang and Chi-Min Shu
01-Feb-2023
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950423023000037(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Continuous Safety Improvements to Avoid Runaway Reactions: The Case of a Chloro-Thiadiazole Intermediate Synthesis toward Timolol
Alessandro Agosti, Silvia Panzeri, Federico Gassa, Massimo Magnani, Giulia Forni, Marco Quaroni, Lazzaro Feliciani and Giorgio Bertolini
19-May-2020
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00048(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
An Alternative Scalable Process for the Synthesis of 4,6-Dichloropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile
Bin Zhang, Huixin Yan, Chongfeng Ge, Bo Liu and Zhenping Wu
01-Nov-2018
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00154(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Experimental sensitivity analysis of the runaway severity of Dicumyl peroxide decomposition using adiabatic calorimetry
Olga J. Reyes Valdesa, Valeria Casson Moreno, Simon P. Waldram, Luc N. Véchot, M. Sam Mannan
10-Oct-2015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2015.07.016(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Safety Aspects of a Cyanamide Reaction: Inherent Safe Design through Kinetic Modelling and Adiabatic Testing
Wim Dermaut*, Christine Fannes, and Johan Van Thienen
22-Sep-2007
https://doi.org/10.1021/op700166b(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Development of a Scalable and Safe Procedure for the Production of (3R)-3-(2,3-Dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]- quinolin-9-one, an Intermediate in the Synthesis of PDE-V Inhibitors RWJ387273 (R301249) & RWJ444772 (R290629)
Bert Willemsens, Ivan Vervest, Dominic Ormerod, Wim Aelterman, Christine Fannes, Narda Mertens, István E. Markó, and Sebastien Lemaire
12-Jul-2006
https://doi.org/10.1021/op060099f(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Critical Assessment of Pharmaceutical Processes A Rationale for Changing the Synthetic Route
Mike Butters, David Catterick, Andrew Craig, Alan Curzons, David Dale, Adam Gillmore, Stuart P. Green, Ivan Marziano, Jon-Paul Sherlock, and Wesley White
08-Mar-2006
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050982w(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Polymerization Hazard
David J. am Ende, David R. Bill, David B. Ripin, and Nancy A. Sage
14-Oct-2005
https://doi.org/10.1021/op050175z(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
An integrated calorimetric approach for the scale-up of polymerization reactors
Giuseppe Maschio, Isabella Ferrara, Carlo Bassani, Hans Nieman
01-Jul-1999
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(98)90318-9(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Applications of reaction calorimetry in reaction kinetics and thermal hazard evaluation
Yih-Shing Duh, Chang-Chia Hsu, Chen-Shan Kao, Shuh Woei Yu
10-Aug-1996
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(96)02899-7(Subscription or purchase maybe required for full access)
Downloads
The following are a list of available downloads.
High Phi-Factor Test Cell Catalog
Process Safety and Scale Up Specifications